Why is it not legal to transmit a 3 kHz bandwidth USB signal with a carrier frequency of 14.348 MHz?
When using a transceiver that displays the carrier frequency of phone signals, which of the following displayed frequencies represents the lowest frequency at which a properly adjusted LSB emission will be totally within the band?
What is the highest legal carrier frequency on the 20-meter band for transmitting a 2.8 kHz wide USB data signal?
May an Extra class operator answer the CQ of a station on 3.601 MHz LSB phone?
Who must be in physical control of the station apparatus of an amateur station aboard any vessel or craft that is documented or registered in the United States?
What is the required transmit frequency of a CW signal for channelized 60 meter operation?
What is the maximum power permitted on the 2200-meter band?
If a station in a message forwarding system inadvertently forwards a message that is in violation of FCC rules, who is primarily accountable for the rules violation?
Except in some parts of Alaska, what is the maximum power permitted on the 630-meter band?
If an amateur station is installed aboard a ship or aircraft, what condition must be met before the station is operated?
What licensing is required when operating an amateur station aboard a US-registered vessel in international waters?
Which of the following constitutes a spurious emission?
Which of the following is an acceptable bandwidth for digital voice or slow-scan TV transmissions made on the HF amateur bands?
Within what distance must an amateur station protect an FCC monitoring facility from harmful interference?
What must the control operator of a repeater operating in the 70-centimeter band do if a radiolocation system experiences interference from that repeater?
What is the National Radio Quiet Zone?
Which of the following additional rules apply if you are erecting an amateur station antenna structure at a site at or near a public use airport?
To what type of regulations does PRB-1 apply?
What limitations may the FCC place on an amateur station if its signal causes interference to domestic broadcast reception, assuming that the receivers involved are of good engineering design?
Which amateur stations may be operated under RACES rules?
What frequencies are authorized to an amateur station operating under RACES rules?
What does PRB-1 require of state and local regulations affecting amateur radio antenna size and structures?
What is the maximum bandwidth for a data emission on 60 meters?
Which of the following apply to communications transmitted to amateur stations in foreign countries?
How long must an operator wait after filing a notification with the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) before operating on the 2200-meter or 630-meter band?
What is an IARP?
Under what situation may a station transmit third party communications while being automatically controlled?
Which of the following is required in order to operate in accordance with CEPT rules in foreign countries where permitted?
What notifications must be given before transmitting on the 630- or 2200-meter bands?
What is the maximum permissible duration of a remotely controlled station's transmissions if its control link malfunctions?
What is the highest modulation index permitted at the highest modulation frequency for angle modulation below 29.0 MHz?
What is the maximum mean power level for a spurious emission below 30 MHz with respect to the fundamental emission?
Which of the following operating arrangements allows an FCC-licensed US citizen to operate in many European countries, and amateurs from many European countries to operate in the US?
In what portion of the 630-meter band are phone emissions permitted?
What is the definition of telemetry?
Which of the following may transmit encrypted messages?
What is a space telecommand station?
Which of the following is required in the identification transmissions from a balloon-borne telemetry station?
What must be posted at the location of a station being operated by telecommand on or within 50 kilometers of the Earth's surface?
What is the maximum permitted transmitter output power when operating a model craft by telecommand?
Which group of HF amateur bands include allocations for space stations?
Which VHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations?
Which UHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations?
Which amateur stations are eligible to be telecommand stations of space stations, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator of the station?
Which amateur stations are eligible to operate as Earth stations?
Which of the following amateur stations may transmit one-way communications?
For which types of out-of-pocket expenses do the Part 97 rules state that VEs and VECs may be reimbursed?
Who is tasked by Part 97 with maintaining the pools of questions for all US amateur license examinations?
What is a Volunteer Examiner Coordinator?
What is required to be accredited as a Volunteer Examiner?
What must the VE team do with the application form if the examinee does not pass the exam?
Who is responsible for the proper conduct and necessary supervision during an amateur operator license examination session?
What should a VE do if a candidate fails to comply with the examiner's instructions during an amateur operator license examination?
To which of the following examinees may a VE not administer an examination?
What may be the penalty for a VE who fraudulently administers or certifies an examination?
What must the administering VEs do after the administration of a successful examination for an amateur operator license?
What must the VE team do if an examinee scores a passing grade on all examination elements needed for an upgrade or new license?
On what frequencies are spread spectrum transmissions permitted?
What privileges are authorized in the US to persons holding an amateur service license granted by the government of Canada?
Under what circumstances may a dealer sell an external RF power amplifier capable of operation below 144 MHz if it has not been granted FCC certification?
Which of the following geographic descriptions approximately describes "Line A"?
Amateur stations may not transmit in which of the following frequency segments if they are located in the contiguous 48 states and north of Line A?
Under what circumstances might the FCC issue a Special Temporary Authority (STA) to an amateur station?
When may an amateur station send a message to a business?
Which of the following types of amateur station communications are prohibited?
Which of the following cannot be transmitted over an amateur radio mesh network?
Who may be the control operator of an auxiliary station?
Which of the following best describes one of the standards that must be met by an external RF power amplifier if it is to qualify for a grant of FCC certification?
What is the direction of an ascending pass for an amateur satellite?
Which of the following is characteristic of an inverting linear transponder?
How is an upload signal processed by an inverting linear transponder?
What is meant by the "mode" of an amateur radio satellite?
What do the letters in a satellite's mode designator specify?
What are Keplerian elements?
Which of the following types of signals can be relayed through a linear transponder?
Why should effective radiated power (ERP) be limited to a satellite that uses a linear transponder?
What do the terms "L band" and "S band" specify?
What type of satellite appears to stay in one position in the sky?
What type of antenna can be used to minimize the effects of spin modulation and Faraday rotation?
What is the purpose of digital store-and-forward functions on an amateur radio satellite?
Which of the following techniques is used by digital satellites to relay messages?
In digital television, what does a coding rate of 3/4 mean?
How many horizontal lines make up a fast-scan (NTSC) television frame?
How is an interlaced scanning pattern generated in a fast-scan (NTSC) television system?
How is color information sent in analog SSTV?
Which of the following describes the use of vestigial sideband in analog fast-scan TV transmissions?
What is vestigial sideband modulation?
Which types of modulation are used for amateur television DVB-T signals?
What technique allows commercial analog TV receivers to be used for fast-scan TV operations on the 70-centimeter band?
What kind of receiver can be used to receive and decode SSTV using the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) protocol?
What aspect of an analog slow-scan television signal encodes the brightness of the picture?
What is the function of the vertical interval signaling (VIS) code sent as part of an SSTV transmission?
What signals SSTV receiving software to begin a new picture line?
What indicator is required to be used by US-licensed operators when operating a station via remote control and the remote transmitter is located in the US?
Which of the following file formats is used for exchanging amateur radio log data?
From which of the following bands is amateur radio contesting generally excluded?
Which of the following frequencies can be used for amateur radio mesh networks?
What is the function of a DX QSL Manager?
During a VHF/UHF contest, in which band segment would you expect to find the highest level of SSB or CW activity?
What is the Cabrillo format?
Which of the following contacts may be confirmed through the Logbook of The World (LoTW)?
What type of equipment is commonly used to implement an amateur radio mesh network?
Why do DX stations often transmit and receive on different frequencies?
How should you generally identify your station when attempting to contact a DX station during a contest or in a pileup?
What indicates the delay between a control operator action and the corresponding change in the transmitted signal?
Which of the following digital modes is designed for meteor scatter communications?
What information replaces signal-to-noise ratio when using the FT8 or FT4 modes in a VHF contest?
Which of the following digital modes is designed for EME communications?
What technology is used for real-time tracking of balloons carrying amateur radio transmitters?
What is the characteristic of the JT65 mode?
Which of the following is a method for establishing EME contacts?
What digital protocol is used by APRS?
What type of packet frame is used to transmit APRS beacon data?
What type of modulation is used by JT65?
What does the packet path WIDE3-1 designate?
How do APRS stations relay data?
Which of the following types of modulation is used for data emissions below 30 MHz?
Which of the following synchronizes WSJT-X digital mode transmit/receive timing?
To what does the "4" in FT4 refer?
Which of the following is characteristic of the FST4 mode?
Which of these digital modes does not support keyboard-to-keyboard operation?
What is the length of an FT8 transmission cycle?
How does Q65 differ from JT65?
Which of the following HF digital modes can be used to transfer binary files?
Which of the following HF digital modes uses variable-length character coding?
Which of these digital modes has the narrowest bandwidth?
What is the difference between direct FSK and audio FSK?
How do ALE stations establish contact?
Which of these digital modes has the highest data throughput under clear communication conditions?
What is the approximate maximum separation measured along the surface of the Earth between two stations communicating by EME?
What characterizes libration fading of an EME signal?
When scheduling EME contacts, which of these conditions will generally result in the least path loss?
In what direction does an electromagnetic wave travel?
How are the component fields of an electromagnetic wave oriented?
What should be done to continue a long-distance contact when the MUF for that path decreases due to darkness?
Atmospheric ducts capable of propagating microwave signals often form over what geographic feature?
When a meteor strikes the Earth's atmosphere, a linear ionized region is formed at what region of the ionosphere?
Which of the following frequency ranges is most suited for meteor-scatter communications?
What determines the speed of electromagnetic waves through a medium?
What is a typical range for tropospheric duct propagation of microwave signals?
What is most likely to result in auroral propagation?
Which of these emission modes is best for auroral propagation?
What are circularly polarized electromagnetic waves?
Where is transequatorial propagation (TEP) most likely to occur?
What is the approximate maximum range for signals using transequatorial propagation?
At what time of day is transequatorial propagation most likely to occur?
What are "extraordinary" and "ordinary" waves?
Which of the following paths is most likely to support long-distance propagation on 160 meters?
On which of the following amateur bands is long-path propagation most frequent?
What effect does lowering a signal's transmitted elevation angle have on ionospheric HF skip propagation?
How does the maximum range of ground-wave propagation change when the signal frequency is increased?
At what time of year is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur?
What is the effect of chordal-hop propagation?
At what time of day is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur?
What is chordal-hop propagation?
What type of polarization is supported by ground-wave propagation?
What is the cause of short-term radio blackouts?
What is indicated by a rising A-index or K-index?
Which of the following signal paths is most likely to experience high levels of absorption when the A-index or K-index is elevated?
What does the value of Bz (B sub z) represent?
What orientation of Bz (B sub z) increases the likelihood that charged particles from the Sun will cause disturbed conditions?
How does the VHF/UHF radio horizon compare to the geographic horizon?
Which of the following indicates the greatest solar flare intensity?
Which of the following is the space-weather term for an extreme geomagnetic storm?
What type of data is reported by amateur radio propagation reporting networks?
What does the 304A solar parameter measure?
What does VOACAP software model?
Which of the following is indicated by a sudden rise in radio background noise across a large portion of the HF spectrum?
Which of the following limits the highest frequency signal that can be accurately displayed on a digital oscilloscope?
Which of the following parameters does a spectrum analyzer display on the vertical and horizontal axes?
Which of the following test instruments is used to display spurious signals and/or intermodulation distortion products generated by an SSB transmitter?
How is compensation of an oscilloscope probe performed?
What is the purpose of using a prescaler with a frequency counter?
What is the effect of aliasing on a digital oscilloscope when displaying a waveform?
Which of the following is an advantage of using an antenna analyzer compared to an SWR bridge?
Which of the following is used to measure SWR?
Which of the following is good practice when using an oscilloscope probe?
Which trigger mode is most effective when using an oscilloscope to measure a linear power supply's output ripple?
Which of the following can be measured with an antenna analyzer?
Which of the following factors most affects the accuracy of a frequency counter?
What is the significance of voltmeter sensitivity expressed in ohms per volt?
Which S parameter is equivalent to forward gain?
Which S parameter represents input port return loss or reflection coefficient (equivalent to VSWR)?
What three test loads are used to calibrate an RF vector network analyzer?
How much power is being absorbed by the load when a directional power meter connected between a transmitter and a terminating load reads 100 watts forward power and 25 watts reflected power?
What do the subscripts of S parameters represent?
Which of the following can be used to determine the Q of a series-tuned circuit?
Which of the following can be measured by a two-port vector network analyzer?
Which of the following methods measures intermodulation distortion in an SSB transmitter?
Which of the following can be measured with a vector network analyzer?
What is an effect of excessive phase noise in an SDR receiver's master clock oscillator?
Which of the following receiver circuits can be effective in eliminating interference from strong out-of-band signals?
What is the term for the suppression in an FM receiver of one signal by another stronger signal on the same frequency?
What is the noise figure of a receiver?
What does a receiver noise floor of -174 dBm represent?
How much does increasing a receiver's bandwidth from 50 Hz to 1,000 Hz increase the receiver's noise floor?
What does the MDS of a receiver represent?
An SDR receiver is overloaded when input signals exceed what level?
Which of the following choices is a good reason for selecting a high IF for a superheterodyne HF or VHF communications receiver?
What is an advantage of having a variety of receiver bandwidths from which to select?
Why does input attenuation reduce receiver overload on the lower frequency HF bands with little or no impact on signal-to-noise ratio?
How does a narrow-band roofing filter affect receiver performance?
What is reciprocal mixing?
What is the purpose of the receiver IF Shift control?
What is meant by the blocking dynamic range of a receiver?
Which of the following describes problems caused by poor dynamic range in a receiver?
What creates intermodulation interference between two repeaters in close proximity?
Which of the following is used to reduce or eliminate intermodulation interference in a repeater caused by a nearby transmitter?
What transmitter frequencies would create an intermodulation-product signal in a receiver tuned to 146.70 MHz when a nearby station transmits on 146.52 MHz?
What is the term for the reduction in receiver sensitivity caused by a strong signal near the received frequency?
Which of the following reduces the likelihood of receiver desensitization?
What causes intermodulation in an electronic circuit?
What is the purpose of the preselector in a communications receiver?
What does a third-order intercept level of 40 dBm mean with respect to receiver performance?
Why are odd-order intermodulation products, created within a receiver, of particular interest compared to other products?
What is the link margin in a system with a transmit power level of 100 W (+40 dBm), a system antenna gain of 10 dBi, a cable loss of 3 dB, a path loss of 136 dB, a receiver minimum discernable signal of -103 dBm, and a required signal-to-noise ratio of 6 dB?
What is the received signal level with a transmit power of 100 W (+40 dBm), a transmit antenna gain of 6 dBi, a receive antenna gain of 3 dBi, and a path loss of 100 dB?
What power level does a receiver minimum discernible signal of -100 dBm represent?
What problem can occur when using an automatic notch filter (ANF) to remove interfering carriers while receiving CW signals?
Which of the following types of noise can often be reduced by a digital noise reduction?
Which of the following types of noise are removed by a noise blanker?
How can conducted noise from an automobile battery charging system be suppressed?
What is used to suppress radio frequency interference from a line-driven AC motor?
What type of electrical interference can be caused by computer network equipment?
Which of the following can cause shielded cables to radiate or receive interference?
What current flows equally on all conductors of an unshielded multiconductor cable?
What undesirable effect can occur when using a noise blanker?
Which of the following can create intermittent loud roaring or buzzing AC line interference?
What could be the cause of local AM broadcast band signals combining to generate spurious signals on the MF or HF bands?
What causes interference received as a series of carriers at regular intervals across a wide frequency range?
Where should a station AC surge protector be installed?
What is the purpose of a single point ground panel?
What can cause the voltage across reactances in a series RLC circuit to be higher than the voltage applied to the entire circuit?
What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit if R is 22 ohms, L is 50 microhenries, and C is 40 picofarads?
What is the magnitude of the impedance of a series RLC circuit at resonance?
What is the magnitude of the impedance of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance?
What is the result of increasing the Q of an impedance-matching circuit?
What is the magnitude of the circulating current within the components of a parallel LC circuit at resonance?
What is the magnitude of the current at the input of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance?
What is the phase relationship between the current through and the voltage across a series resonant circuit at resonance?
How is the Q of an RLC parallel resonant circuit calculated?
What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit if R is 33 ohms, L is 50 microhenries, and C is 10 picofarads?
What is the half-power bandwidth of a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 7.1 MHz and a Q of 150?
What is the half-power bandwidth of a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 3.7 MHz and a Q of 118?
What is an effect of increasing Q in a series resonant circuit?
What is the term for the time required for the capacitor in an RC circuit to be charged to 63.2% of the applied voltage or to discharge to 36.8% of its initial voltage?
What letter is commonly used to represent susceptance?
How is impedance in polar form converted to an equivalent admittance?
What is the time constant of a circuit having two 220-microfarad capacitors and two 1-megohm resistors, all in parallel?
What is the effect on the magnitude of pure reactance when it is converted to susceptance?
What is susceptance?
What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 500 ohms, R is 1 kilohm, and XL is 250 ohms?
What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 300 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 100 ohms?
What is the relationship between the AC current through a capacitor and the voltage across a capacitor?
What is the relationship between the AC current through an inductor and the voltage across an inductor?
What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 25 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 75 ohms?
What is admittance?
Which of the following represents pure capacitive reactance of 100 ohms in rectangular notation?
How are impedances described in polar coordinates?
Which of the following represents a pure inductive reactance in polar coordinates?
What type of Y-axis scale is most often used for graphs of circuit frequency response?
What kind of diagram is used to show the phase relationship between impedances at a given frequency?
What does the impedance 50 - j25 ohms represent?
Where is the impedance of a pure resistance plotted on rectangular coordinates?
What coordinate system is often used to display the phase angle of a circuit containing resistance, inductive, and/or capacitive reactance?
When using rectangular coordinates to graph the impedance of a circuit, what do the axes represent?
Which point on Figure E5-1 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 400-ohm resistor and a 38-picofarad capacitor at 14 MHz?
Which point in Figure E5-1 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300-ohm resistor and an 18-microhenry inductor at 3.505 MHz?
Which point on Figure E5-1 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300-ohm resistor and a 19-picofarad capacitor at 21.200 MHz?
What is the result of conductor skin effect?
Why is it important to keep lead lengths short for components used in circuits for VHF and above?
What is the phase relationship between current and voltage for reactive power?
Why are short connections used at microwave frequencies?
What parasitic characteristic causes electrolytic capacitors to be unsuitable for use at RF?
What parasitic characteristic creates an inductor's self-resonance?
What combines to create the self-resonance of a component?
What is the primary cause of loss in film capacitors at RF?
What happens to reactive power in ideal inductors and capacitors?
As a conductor's diameter increases, what is the effect on its electrical length?
How much real power is consumed in a circuit consisting of a 100-ohm resistor in series with a 100-ohm inductive reactance drawing 1 ampere?
What is reactive power?
In what application is gallium arsenide used as a semiconductor material?
Which of the following semiconductor materials contains excess free electrons?
Why does a PN-junction diode not conduct current when reverse biased?
What is the name given to an impurity atom that adds holes to a semiconductor crystal structure?
How does DC input impedance at the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET) compare with that of a bipolar transistor?
What is the beta of a bipolar junction transistor?
Which of the following indicates that a silicon NPN junction transistor is biased on?
What is the term for the frequency at which the grounded-base current gain of a bipolar junction transistor has decreased to 0.7 of the gain obtainable at 1 kHz?
What is a depletion-mode field-effect transistor (FET)?
In Figure E6-1, which is the schematic symbol for an N-channel dual-gate MOSFET?
In Figure E6-1, which is the schematic symbol for a P-channel junction FET?
What is the purpose of connecting Zener diodes between a MOSFET gate and its source or drain?
What is the most useful characteristic of a Zener diode?
Which characteristic of a Schottky diode makes it a better choice than a silicon junction diode for use as a power supply rectifier?
What property of an LED's semiconductor material determines its forward voltage drop?
What type of semiconductor device is designed for use as a voltage-controlled capacitor?
What characteristic of a PIN diode makes it useful as an RF switch?
Which of the following is a common use of a Schottky diode?
What causes a junction diode to fail from excessive current?
Which of the following is a Schottky barrier diode?
What is a common use for point-contact diodes?
In Figure E6-2, which is the schematic symbol for a Schottky diode?
What is used to control the attenuation of RF signals by a PIN diode?
What is the function of hysteresis in a comparator?
What happens when the level of a comparator's input signal crosses the threshold voltage?
What is tri-state logic?
Which of the following is an advantage of BiCMOS logic?
Which of the following digital logic families has the lowest power consumption?
Why do CMOS digital integrated circuits have high immunity to noise on the input signal or power supply?
What best describes a pull-up or pull-down resistor?
In Figure E6-3, which is the schematic symbol for a NAND gate?
What is used to design the configuration of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)?
In Figure E6-3, which is the schematic symbol for a NOR gate?
In Figure E6-3, which is the schematic symbol for the NOT operation (inversion)?
What is piezoelectricity?
What is the equivalent circuit of a quartz crystal?
Which of the following is an aspect of the piezoelectric effect?
Why are cores of inductors and transformers sometimes constructed of thin layers?
How do ferrite and powdered iron compare for use in an inductor core?
What core material property determines the inductance of an inductor?
What is the current that flows in the primary winding of a transformer when there is no load on the secondary winding?
Which of the following materials has the highest temperature stability of its magnetic characteristics?
What devices are commonly used as VHF and UHF parasitic suppressors at the input and output terminals of a transistor HF amplifier?
What is a primary advantage of using a toroidal core instead of a solenoidal core in an inductor?
Which type of core material decreases inductance when inserted into a coil?
What causes inductor saturation?
Why is gallium arsenide (GaAs) useful for semiconductor devices operating at UHF and higher frequencies?
Which of the following device packages is a through-hole type?
Which of the following materials supports the highest frequency of operation when used in MMICs?
Which is the most common input and output impedance of MMICs?
Which of the following noise figure values is typical of a low-noise UHF preamplifier?
What characteristics of MMICs make them a popular choice for VHF through microwave circuits?
What type of transmission line is often used for connections to MMICs?
How is power supplied to the most common type of MMIC?
Which of the following component package types have the least parasitic effects at frequencies above the HF range?
What advantage does surface-mount technology offer at RF compared to using through-hole components?
What is a characteristic of DIP packaging used for integrated circuits?
Why are DIP through-hole package ICs not typically used at UHF and higher frequencies?
What absorbs the energy from light falling on a photovoltaic cell?
What happens to photoconductive material when light shines on it?
What is the most common configuration of an optoisolator or optocoupler?
What is the photovoltaic effect?
Which of the following describes an optical shaft encoder?
Which of these materials is most commonly used to create photoconductive devices?
What is a solid-state relay?
Why are optoisolators often used in conjunction with solid-state circuits that control 120 VAC circuits?
What is the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell?
What is the most common material used in power-generating photovoltaic cells?
What is the approximate open-circuit voltage produced by a fully illuminated silicon photovoltaic cell?
Which circuit is bistable?
What is the function of a decade counter?
Which of the following can divide the frequency of a pulse train by 2?
How many flip-flops are required to divide a signal frequency by 16?
Which of the following circuits continuously alternates between two states without an external clock signal?
What is a characteristic of a monostable multivibrator?
What logical operation does a NAND gate perform?
What logical operation does an OR gate perform?
What logical operation is performed by a two-input exclusive NOR gate?
What is a truth table?
What does "positive logic" mean in reference to logic devices?
For what portion of the signal cycle does each active element in a push-pull, Class AB amplifier conduct?
What is a Class D amplifier?
What circuit is required at the output of an RF switching amplifier?
What is the operating point of a Class A common emitter amplifier?
What can be done to prevent unwanted oscillations in an RF power amplifier?
What is a characteristic of a grounded-grid amplifier?
Which of the following is the likely result of using a Class C amplifier to amplify a single-sideband phone signal?
Why are switching amplifiers more efficient than linear amplifiers?
What is characteristic of an emitter follower (or common collector) amplifier?
In Figure E7-1, what is the purpose of R1 and R2?
In Figure E7-1, what is the purpose of R3?
What type of amplifier circuit is shown in Figure E7-1?
How are the capacitors and inductors of a low-pass filter Pi-network arranged between the network's input and output?
What is the frequency response of a T-network with series capacitors and a shunt inductor?
What is the purpose of adding an inductor to a Pi-network to create a Pi-L-network?
How does an impedance-matching circuit transform a complex impedance to a resistive impedance?
Which filter type has ripple in the passband and a sharp cutoff?
What are the characteristics of an elliptical filter?
Which describes a Pi-L network?
Which of the following is most frequently used as a band-pass or notch filter in VHF and UHF transceivers?
What is a crystal lattice filter?
Which of the following filters is used in a 2-meter band repeater duplexer?
Which of the following measures a filter's ability to reject signals in adjacent channels?
How does a linear electronic voltage regulator work?
How does a switchmode voltage regulator work?
What device is used as a stable voltage reference?
Which of the following describes a three-terminal voltage regulator?
Which of the following types of linear voltage regulator operates by loading the unregulated voltage source?
What is the purpose of Q1 in the circuit shown in Figure E7-2?
What is the purpose of C2 in the circuit shown in Figure E7-2?
What type of circuit is shown in Figure E7-2?
How is battery operating time calculated?
Why is a switching type power supply less expensive and lighter than an equivalent linear power supply?
What is the purpose of an inverter connected to a solar panel output?
What is the dropout voltage of a linear voltage regulator?
Which of the following calculates power dissipated by a series linear voltage regulator?
What is the purpose of connecting equal-value resistors across power supply filter capacitors connected in series?
What is the purpose of a step-start circuit in a high-voltage power supply?
Which of the following can be used to generate FM phone signals?
What is the function of a reactance modulator?
What is a frequency discriminator?
What is one way to produce a single-sideband phone signal?
What is added to an FM speech channel to boost the higher audio frequencies?
Why is de-emphasis used in FM communications receivers?
What is meant by the term "baseband" in radio communications?
What are the principal frequencies that appear at the output of a mixer?
What occurs when the input signal levels to a mixer are too high?
How does a diode envelope detector function?
Which type of detector is used for demodulating SSB signals?
What is meant by "direct sampling" in software defined radios?
What kind of digital signal processing audio filter is used to remove unwanted noise from a received SSB signal?
What type of digital signal processing filter is used to generate an SSB signal?
Which method generates an SSB signal using digital signal processing?
How frequently must an analog signal be sampled to be accurately reproduced?
What is the minimum number of bits required to sample a signal with a range of 1 volt at a resolution of 1 millivolt?
What function is performed by a Fast Fourier Transform?
What is the function of decimation?
Why is an anti-aliasing filter required in a decimator?
What aspect of receiver analog-to-digital conversion determines the maximum receive bandwidth of a direct-sampling software defined radio (SDR)?
What sets the minimum detectable signal level for a direct-sampling software defined receiver in the absence of atmospheric or thermal noise?
Which of the following is generally true of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters?
What is the function of taps in a digital signal processing filter?
Which of the following would allow a digital signal processing filter to create a sharper filter response?
What is the typical output impedance of an op-amp?
What is the frequency response of the circuit in E7-3 if a capacitor is added across the feedback resistor?
What is the typical input impedance of an op-amp?
What is meant by the term "op-amp input offset voltage"?
How can unwanted ringing and audio instability be prevented in an op-amp audio filter?
What is the gain-bandwidth of an operational amplifier?
What voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-3 when R1 is 10 ohms and RF is 470 ohms?
How does the gain of an ideal operational amplifier vary with frequency?
What will be the output voltage of the circuit shown in Figure E7-3 if R1 is 1,000 ohms, RF is 10,000 ohms, and 0.23 volts DC is applied to the input?
What absolute voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-3 when R1 is 1,800 ohms and RF is 68 kilohms?
What absolute voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-3 when R1 is 3,300 ohms and RF is 47 kilohms?
What is an operational amplifier?
What are three common oscillator circuits?
What is a microphonic?
What is a phase-locked loop?
How is positive feedback supplied in a Colpitts oscillator?
How is positive feedback supplied in a Pierce oscillator?
Which of these functions can be performed by a phase-locked loop?
How can an oscillator's microphonic responses be reduced?
Which of the following components can be used to reduce thermal drift in crystal oscillators?
What type of frequency synthesizer circuit uses a phase accumulator, lookup table, digital-to-analog converter, and a low-pass anti-alias filter?
What information is contained in the lookup table of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS)?
What are the major spectral impurity components of direct digital synthesizers?
Which of the following ensures that a crystal oscillator operates on the frequency specified by the crystal manufacturer?
Which of the following is a technique for providing highly accurate and stable oscillators needed for microwave transmission and reception?
What technique shows that a square wave is made up of a sine wave and its odd harmonics?
Which of the following is a type of analog-to-digital conversion?
Which of the following describes a signal in the time domain?
What is "dither" with respect to analog-to-digital converters?
What is the benefit of making voltage measurements with a true-RMS calculating meter?
What is the approximate ratio of PEP-to-average power in an unprocessed single-sideband phone signal?
What determines the PEP-to-average power ratio of an unprocessed single-sideband phone signal?
Why are direct or flash conversion analog-to-digital converters used for a software defined radio?
How many different input levels can be encoded by an analog-to-digital converter with 8-bit resolution?
What is the purpose of a low-pass filter used at the output of a digital-to-analog converter?
Which of the following is a measure of the quality of an analog-to-digital converter?
What is the modulation index of an FM signal?
How does the modulation index of a phase-modulated emission vary with RF carrier frequency?
What is the modulation index of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency deviation of 3000 Hz either side of the carrier frequency if the highest modulating frequency is 1000 Hz?
What is the modulation index of an FM phone signal having a maximum carrier deviation of plus or minus 6 kHz if the highest modulating frequency is 2 kHz?
What is the deviation ratio of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 5 kHz if the highest modulation frequency is 3 kHz?
What is the deviation ratio of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 7.5 kHz if the highest modulation frequency is 3.5 kHz?
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique used for which types of amateur communication?
What describes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)?
What is deviation ratio?
What is frequency division multiplexing (FDM)?
What is digital time division multiplexing?
What is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM?
What is the definition of symbol rate in a digital transmission?
Why should the phase of a PSK signal be changed at the zero crossing of the RF signal?
What technique minimizes the bandwidth of a PSK31 signal?
What is the approximate bandwidth of a 13-WPM International Morse Code transmission?
What is the bandwidth of an FT8 signal?
What is the bandwidth of a 4,800-Hz frequency shift, 9,600-baud ASCII FM transmission?
How does ARQ accomplish error correction?
Which digital code allows only one bit to change between sequential code values?
How can data rate be increased without increasing bandwidth?
What is the relationship between symbol rate and baud?
What factors affect the bandwidth of a transmitted CW signal?
What is described by the constellation diagram of a QAM or QPSK signal?
What type of addresses do nodes have in a mesh network?
What technique do individual nodes use to form a mesh network?
Why are received spread spectrum signals resistant to interference?
What spread spectrum communications technique uses a high-speed binary bit stream to shift the phase of an RF carrier?
Which describes spread spectrum frequency hopping?
What is the primary effect of extremely short rise or fall time on a CW signal?
What is the most common method of reducing key clicks?
What is the advantage of including parity bits in ASCII characters?
What is a common cause of overmodulation of AFSK signals?
What parameter evaluates distortion of an AFSK signal caused by excessive input audio levels?
What is considered an acceptable maximum IMD level for an idling PSK signal?
What are some of the differences between the Baudot digital code and ASCII?
What is one advantage of using ASCII code for data communications?
What is an isotropic radiator?
What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater station with 150 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.2 dB duplexer loss, and 7 dBd antenna gain?
What term describing total radiated power takes into account all gains and losses?
Which of the following factors affect the feed point impedance of an antenna?
What does the term "foreground gain" mean?
What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 4 dB feed line loss, 3.2 dB duplexer loss, 0.8 dB circulator loss, and 10 dBd antenna gain?
What is the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.8 dB duplexer loss, 1.2 dB circulator loss, and 7 dBi antenna gain?
Which frequency band has the smallest first Fresnel zone?
What is antenna efficiency?
Which of the following improves the efficiency of a ground-mounted quarter-wave vertical antenna?
Which of the following determines ground losses for a ground-mounted vertical antenna operating on HF?
How much gain does an antenna have compared to a half-wavelength dipole if it has 6 dB gain over an isotropic radiator?
What is the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1?
What is the front-to-back ratio of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1?
What is the front-to-side ratio of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1?
What is the front-to-back ratio of the radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-2?
What type of antenna pattern is shown in Figure E9-2?
What is the elevation angle of peak response in the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-2?
What is the difference in radiated power between a lossless antenna with gain and an isotropic radiator driven by the same power?
What is the far field of an antenna?
What type of analysis is commonly used for modeling antennas?
What is the principle of a Method of Moments analysis?
What is a disadvantage of decreasing the number of wire segments in an antenna model below 10 segments per half-wavelength?
What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed 180 degrees out of phase?
What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/4-wavelength apart and fed 90 degrees out of phase?
What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed in phase?
What happens to the radiation pattern of an unterminated long wire antenna as the wire length is increased?
What is the purpose of feeding an off-center-fed dipole (OCFD) between the center and one end instead of at the midpoint?
What is the effect of adding a terminating resistor to a rhombic or long-wire antenna?
What is the approximate feed point impedance at the center of a two-wire half-wave folded dipole antenna?
What is a folded dipole antenna?
Which of the following describes a G5RV antenna?
Which of the following describes a Zepp antenna?
How is the far-field elevation pattern of a vertically polarized antenna affected by being mounted over seawater versus soil?
Which of the following describes an extended double Zepp antenna?
How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally polarized antenna vary with increasing height above ground?
How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally-polarized antenna mounted above a long slope compare with the same antenna mounted above flat ground?
How much does the gain of an ideal parabolic reflector antenna increase when the operating frequency is doubled?
How can two linearly polarized Yagi antennas be used to produce circular polarization?
What is the most efficient location for a loading coil on an electrically short whip?
Why should antenna loading coils have a high ratio of reactance to resistance?
Approximately how long is a Yagi's driven element?
What happens to SWR bandwidth when one or more loading coils are used to resonate an electrically short antenna?
What is an advantage of top loading an electrically short HF vertical antenna?
What happens as the Q of an antenna increases?
What is the function of a loading coil in an electrically short antenna?
How does radiation resistance of a base-fed whip antenna change below its resonant frequency?
Why do most two-element Yagis with normal spacing have a reflector instead of a director?
What is the purpose of making a Yagi's parasitic elements either longer or shorter than resonance?
Which matching system for Yagi antennas requires the driven element to be insulated from the boom?
What antenna matching system matches coaxial cable to an antenna by connecting the shield to the center of the antenna and the conductor a fraction of a wavelength to one side?
What matching system uses a short length of transmission line connected in parallel with the feed line at or near the feed point?
What is the purpose of the series capacitor in a gamma match?
What Yagi driven element feed point impedance is required to use a beta or hairpin matching system?
Which of these transmission line impedances would be suitable for constructing a quarter-wave Q-section for matching a 100-ohm feed point impedance to a 50-ohm transmission line?
What parameter describes the interaction of a load and transmission line?
What is a use for a Wilkinson divider?
Which of the following is used to shunt feed a grounded tower at its base?
Which matching system places an inductance across the feed point of a vertical monopole antenna?
What is the purpose of using multiple driven elements connected through phasing lines?
What is the velocity factor of a transmission line?
Which of the following has the biggest effect on the velocity factor of a transmission line?
Why is the electrical length of a coaxial cable longer than its physical length?
What impedance does a 1/2-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end?
What is microstrip?
What is the approximate physical length of an air-insulated, parallel conductor transmission line that is electrically 1/2 wavelength long at 14.10 MHz?
How does parallel conductor transmission line compare to coaxial cable with a plastic dielectric?
Which of the following is a significant difference between foam dielectric coaxial cable and solid dielectric coaxial cable, assuming all other parameters are the same?
What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end?
What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end?
What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end?
What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end?
Which of the following can be calculated using a Smith chart?
What type of coordinate system is used in a Smith chart?
Which of the following is often determined using a Smith chart?
What are the two families of circles and arcs that make up a Smith chart?
Which of the following is a common use for a Smith chart?
On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the name for the large outer circle on which the reactance arcs terminate?
On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the only straight line shown?
How is a Smith chart normalized?
What third family of circles is often added to a Smith chart during the process of designing impedance matching networks?
What do the arcs on a Smith chart represent?
In what units are the wavelength scales on a Smith chart calibrated?
When constructing a Beverage antenna, which of the following factors should be included in the design to achieve good performance at the desired frequency?
Which is generally true for 160- and 80-meter receiving antennas?
What is receiving directivity factor (RDF)?
What is the purpose of placing an electrostatic shield around a small-loop direction-finding antenna?
What challenge is presented by a small wire-loop antenna for direction finding?
What indicates the correct value of terminating resistance for a Beverage antenna?
What is the function of a Beverage antenna's termination resistor?
What is the function of a sense antenna?
What type of radiation pattern is created by a single-turn, terminated loop such as a pennant antenna?
How can the output voltage of a multiple-turn receiving loop antenna be increased?
What feature of a cardioid pattern antenna makes it useful for direction-finding antennas?
What is the primary function of an external earth connection or ground rod?
When evaluating RF exposure levels from your station at a neighbor's home, what must you do?
Over what range of frequencies are the FCC human body RF exposure limits most restrictive?
When evaluating a site with multiple transmitters operating at the same time, the operators and licensees of which transmitters are responsible for mitigating over-exposure situations?
What hazard is created by operating at microwave frequencies?
Why are there separate electric (E) and magnetic (H) MPE limits at frequencies below 300 MHz?
What is meant by "100% tie-off" regarding tower safety?
What does SAR measure?
Which of the following types of equipment are exempt from RF exposure evaluations?
When must an RF exposure evaluation be performed on an amateur station operating on 80 meters?
To what should lanyards be attached while climbing?
Where should a shock-absorbing lanyard be attached to a tower when working above ground?